Families of 3D arrays for video watermarking

Abstract

This paper presents new constructions of families of binary and ternary arrays with low off-peak (periodic) autocorrelation and low cross-correlation for application to video watermarking. The constructions are based on the composition method which uses a shift sequence to cyclically shift a commensurate “column” sequence/array. The shift sequence/array has auto and cross-hit values constrained to 1 or 2, while the column sequence/array is pseudonoise. The shift sequences are new, while the column sequence is a Sidelnikov sequence, and the column array is a multi-dimensional Legendre array. The shift sequence constructions involve mapping the elements of a finite field onto its associated multiplicative group, the field plus infinity and other such variations. The constructions yield families of arrays suitable for embedding into video as watermarks. Examples of such watermarks are presented. The watermarks survive H264 compression, and are being considered for a video security standard.