Neural Adaptations to Endurance Training

Abstract

Neural adaptations induced by strength training have been widely described although recent technical developments (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) have provided new insights. Neural adaptations to endurance training are not as well-known and usually considered to be much smaller than those observed follow- ing strength training. In this chapter, we will not use the real definition of endur- ance, that is the ability to sustain a high percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2 max). Instead, we will use common usage of the word endurance, i.e., pro- longed, low-intensity exercise, usually with large muscle mass such as cycling, run- ning, and cross-country skiing. The theory behind chronic adaptations is related to acute deleterious effects and recovery. In the first part of this chapter, the tools used to assess neural adaptations will be briefly described. Then, we will focus on the acute neural responses induced by a single endurance training session. Special con- sideration will be given to the difference between endurance running and cycling/ cross-country skiing at the end of this second section. The third part of this chapter will be dedicated to chronic adaptations to the neural command induced by endur- ance