The female athlete triad

Abstract

The female athlete triad describes a spectrum of eating behaviors that result in low energy availability, accompanied by a range of less than ideal menstrual function and bone mineral density. Though the true prevalence of the triad along its full spectrum of interrelated pathologies remains unclear, limited studies have reported prevalence in 0-40 % of athletes and 0-3 % of controls. Diagnosis of the female athlete triad relies on a high index of suspicion among primary care physicians and sports specialists alike. If there is concern for one component of the triad, workup for the other components should be performed. Prevention is critical in high-risk groups. The mainstay of treatment is to increase energy availability. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment is best, with involvement of physicians from primary care, psychiatry, and sports specialists as needed, in addition to a nutritionist, trainer, and family members. Future investigation should focus on better quantifying the problem and options for intervention