An obligatory role for spinal cholinergic neurons in the antiallodynic effects of clonidine after peripheral nerve injury

Abstract

Background: Indirect evidence supports a role of spinal cholinergic neurons in tonically reducing response to noxious mechanical stimulation and in effecting analgesia from α2-adrenergic agonists. This study directly assessed the role of cholinergic neurons in regulating the level of mechanical allodynia and in participating in the antiallodynic effect of the clinically used α2-adrenergic agonist, clonidine, in an animal model of neuropathic pain. Methods: Allodynia was produced in rats by ligation of the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves. Rats received a single intrathecal injection of saline or one of three different doses of the cholinergic neurotoxin, ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion (AF64-A; 2, 5, and 15 nmol). Seven days later, allodynia was assessed before and after intrathecal injection of 15 μg clonidine. The spinal cord was removed, and spinal cord acetylcholine content, cholinergic neuron number and distribution, and α2-adrenergic receptor expression were determined. Results: AF64-A administration reduced both the number of cholinergic cells and the acetylcholine content of the lumbar dorsal spinal cord by 20-50% but did not affect level of mechanical allodynia. AF64-A did, however, completely block the antiallodynic effect of clonidine. AF64-A did not reduce α2-adrenergic ligand binding in dorsal lumbar cord. Conclusions: These data suggest that spinal cholinergic tone does not affect the level of mechanical allodynia after peripheral nerve injury. There is a quantitative reliance on spinal cholinergic neurons in the allodynia relieving properties of intrathecal clonidine, and this reliance does not depend on α2-adrenergic receptors colocalized on spinal cholinergic interneurons.