Role of distinct surfaces of the G9a ankyrin repeat domain in histone and DNA methylation during embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation

Abstract

Background: Epigenetic modifications such as histone and DNA methylation are essential for silencing pluripotency genes during embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. G9a is the major histone H3 Lys9 (H3K9) methyltransferase in euchromatin and is required for the de novo DNA methylation of the key regulator of pluripotency Oct3/4 during ESC differentiation. Surprisingly, the catalytic activity of G9a is not required for its role in de novo DNA methylation and the precise molecular mechanisms of G9a in this process are poorly understood. It has been suggested that the G9a ankyrin repeat domain, which can interact with both H3K9me2 and the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A, could facilitate de novo DNA methylation by bridging the interaction between DNMT3A and H3K9me2-marked chromatin. Results: Here, we demonstrate that the G9a ankyrin domain H3K9me2-binding function is not required for the de novo DNA methylation of Oct3/4 during ESC differentiation. Moreover, we show that the interaction between the G9a ankyrin domain and DNMT3A is not sufficient to ensure efficient de novo DNA methylation. More importantly, we characterize a specific residue of the G9a ankyrin domain (Asp905) that is critical for both maintaining cellular H3K9me2 levels in undifferentiated ESCs and for the establishment of de novo DNA methylation during differentiation. Conclusions: These results represent an exciting breakthrough, which reveals 1) an unexpected critical biological function of the G9a ankyrin domain in global histone H3K9 methylation and 2) valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms and interaction surfaces through which G9a regulates de novo DNA methylation of Oct3/4 during ESC differentiation.