Treatment of Parkinson's Disease after the Wearing Off Sets in

Abstract

In 2018, we wrote a paper on the drug treatment of Parkinson's disease. In this article, we obtained that the wearing off was observed in 77%, but the incidence of dyskinesia was 37.7% for the Parkinson's disease patients from the onset of the disease 16-20 years. In this review article, we will discuss some of the newer treatments of Parkinson's disease first, i.e., transplantation with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells, gene therapy, deep brain stimulation, levodopa/ carbidopa intrajejunal gel infusion, MRI-supported focused ultrasound, and IPX066. Then, we will discuss our opinion on the mechanism of wearing off and dyskinesia, and modifications of levodopa treatment after the wearing off sets in.