Syndrome hémolytique et urémique de l’enfant au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Dakar: À propos de quatre observations

Abstract

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a common cause of organic acute renal failure (ARF) in children. It is a progressive complication of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), especially caused by Escherichia coli in children. This study aimed to describe the clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this affection in four children. We collected four cases of HUS. The average age was 10,5 months (5-15mois), exclusively boys. Clinical examination revealed a hemolytic anemia (pallor and jaundice), oligoanuria and edematous syndrome (2 cases), arterial hypertension (1 patient), AGE associated with severe dehydration and hypovolemic shock (2 patients), consciousness disorders. ARF was found in all patients as well as thrombocytopenia and schizocytes smear. Direct Coombs test was negative. Hyperkalemia was found in 3 patients, of whom 1 with hyperkalemia level of more than 9.2 mmol/L, hyponatremia at 129 mmol/l (1 patient) and hypernatremia at 153 mmol/l (1 patient). HUS was secondary to pneumococcal pneumonia (1 patient) while AGE was secondary to E. coli (1 patient). The treatment was mainly symptomatic and included fluid restriction, transfusion of red cell concentrates, diuretics, peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. The evolution was marked by the onset of chronic renal failure (1 patient) after 6 months of follow-up and by recovery (1 case). Three patients died. HUS is the most common cause of organic acute renal failure in newborns. Diagnosis is essentially biological, treatment is mostly symptomatic.