Interaction between PU.1 and another Ets family transcription factor promotes macrophage-specific basal transcription initiation

Abstract

Numerous macrophage-restricted promoters lack TATA boxes or other conventional initiation motifs but contain high affinity binding sites (PU boxes) for the macrophage-restricted Ets family transcription factor PU.1. In RAW264 murine macrophases, multimerized PU boxes were not active as enhancers when placed upstream of a minimal promoter. To model their role in basal promoters, we inserted PU boxes into a promoter-less luciferase reporter plasmid. Two sites, regardless of orientation, were necessary and sufficient to direct reporter gene expression in transient transfections of the RAW264 macrophage-like cell line. This activity was absent in transfected 3T3 fibroblasts but could be induced by PU.1 coexpression. Both the model promoter and the macrophage-specific mouse and human c-fms promoters were activated in RAW264 cells by other Ets family transcription factors, Ets-2 and Elf-1. In fibroblasts, the effects of PU.1 and Ets-2 were multiplicative, whereas overexpression of PU.1 in RAW264 cells reduced activation of c-fms or model promoters by the other Ets factors. The PU.1 and Ets-2 binding sites of the mouse c-fms promoter have been located by DNase footprinting. A conserved Ets-like motif at the transcription site, CAC-GAAC, that bound only weakly to PU.1, was identified as an additional critical basal c-fms promoter element. Comparison of studies on the model promoter, c-fms and other myeloid promoters provides evidence for a conserved mechanism that involves three separate and functionally distinct Ets-like motifs.