Congenital upper tract anomalies: Duplication, cystic renal dysplasia, multicystic dysplastic Kidney

Abstract

Congenital anomalies of the kidneys or lower urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most common causes of renal failure in children and lead to approximately 25% of end-stage renal disease in adults. Amongst the spectrum of anomalies includes renal duplication, cystic renal dysplasia, and Multicystic Dyplastic Kidney (MCDK). Developmental defects leading to these entities can occur in isolation or as part of a syndromic pattern. This chapter provides a practical overview of the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management options for the common and most clinically significant congenital upper tract anomalies.