Associations between quality of care in informal provider networks and nursing home admissions in Germany: results of a retrospective cohort study using German health claims data

Abstract

Background: High-quality outpatient medical care can prevent care-dependent people from having to move to a nursing home. Quality of care is determined by the behaviour and cooperation of providers, which, when sharing patient collectives, can be understood as functionally defined informal provider networks (PN). There is still a lack of knowledge about the relationship between the quality of care in the interaction among service providers as a structural characteristic of a PN and nursing home admissions (NHA). We therefore examined associations between treatment quality, compositional characteristics, such as the number of general practicioners in the PN and NHA. Methods: German statutory health insurance claims data from 2006 to 2016 was used in a retrospective cohort study. The observation cohort comprised community-dwelling people ≥ 65 years of age who initially became care-dependent in 2006 (n = 117,942). PN were constructed using the Speaker-Listener Label Propagation Algorithm. The quality of care provided by such networks was assessed by further including all people ≥ 65 years of age who were cared for by service providers of the observation cohort. Quality of care in the PN was measured using 67 quality indicators (QI). Event-time series analyses in three proportional hazard models, taking into account random effects, determined the association of treatment quality characteristics and compositional characteristics of the PN with NHA. Results: 35,540 admissions occurred in 406 PN. The majority of QI and individual predictors show significant associations with NHA, as well as a few compositional characteristics of the PN. Out of 67 QI, 37 were significant in two of three models, 19 of which were associated with a lower risk and 18 with an increased risk for NHA. Conclusions: Associations between quality characteristics of the PN and the risk of NHA constitute a relevant influence as they remain significant when controlled for individual predictors. Most compositional characteristics had no influence on NHA. Aspects of treatment quality thus do play a role in determining how long care-dependent people continue to live at home after onset of care-dependency. The results contribute to revealing informal relationships between service providers that constitute a special characteristic of the German health care system and to the identification of starting points for further education in high quality treatment of selected populations and in formalizing care collaborations by joining voluntary PN. Further, sensitising service providers to the evaluation of care processes and to reflecting on the relevance of their role in PN can improve quality development and outcomes.