Genetic analyses of root traits: Implications for environmental adaptation and new variety development: A review

Abstract

The root system is vital for anchorage, mobilizing water and nutrients and symbiosis with soil microbes, which influence adaptation and crop performance. However, root traits are not widely used in crop variety development because root phenotyping is difficult and there is limited understanding of the genetics of root traits. The available genetic variation and emerging root phenotyping and genotyping technologies present opportunities for integrating root traits in breeding. Selection efficiency for root traits can be enhanced by integrating shovelomics, digital imaging, crop modelling and gene sequencing systems. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to discuss critical root traits and their vital functions, genetic variation present for root traits, opportunities and challenges in root phenotyping and integration of genomic tools in breeding for improved root systems. The information presented in the paper will guide crop breeders in developing a new generation of crop varieties with desirable yield and root traits.