Heart and APS

Abstract

Heart involvement in APS is common, and sometimes, the consequences are significant. Different cardiac structures and apparatuses are involved. Heart valve lesions are the most frequent manifestations; however, the hemodynamic significance is quite uncommon. Coronary arteries and myocardium may also be affected leading to left ventricular dysfunction. Other findings include myocardial microthrombi, secondary pulmonary hypertension, and accelerated atherosclerosis. The treatment of cardiac manifestations in APS is challenging and requires an in-depth knowledge of the disease.