Machine learning prediction of future amyloid beta positivity in amyloid-negative individuals

Abstract

Background: The pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation. Early identification of individuals with abnormal β-amyloid levels is crucial, but Aβ quantification with positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is invasive and expensive. Methods: We propose a machine learning framework using standard non-invasive (MRI, demographics, APOE, neuropsychology) measures to predict future Aβ-positivity in Aβ-negative individuals. We separately study Aβ-positivity defined by PET and CSF. Results: Cross-validated AUC for 4-year Aβ conversion prediction was 0.78 for the CSF-based and 0.68 for the PET-based Aβ definitions. Although not trained for the clinical status-change prediction, the CSF-based model excelled in predicting future mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/dementia conversion in cognitively normal/MCI individuals (AUCs, respectively, 0.76 and 0.89 with a separate dataset). Conclusion: Standard measures have potential in detecting future Aβ-positivity and assessing conversion risk, even in cognitively normal individuals. The CSF-based definition led to better predictions than the PET-based definition.