Heart rate variability and the outcome of head-up tilt in syncopal children

Abstract

Neurocardiogenic syncope may be caused by enhanced sympathetic activity evoking a vasodepressor-cardioinhibitory reflex. Heart rate variability (HRV) methods can be used to assess the modulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. To determine whether HRV measurements are related to the outcome of head-up tilt testing (HUT), we studied 29 syncopal patients aged 7-19 y. After 30 min supine, patients were tilted to 80° for 30 min or until syncope occurred. Sequential beats free from ectopy were analyzed. Time domain indices included SD (SDNN), root mean square successive differences (RMSSD), percent exceeding 50 ms (pNN50). An autoregressive model was used to calculate power spectra. Low frequency power (LFP, 0.05-0.15 Hz), high frequency power (HFP, 0.15-0.40 Hz), and total power (TP, 0.01-0.40 Hz) were compared before and after tilt. Data were obtained supine before tilt (baseline), within 5 min after HUT (early), 5-10 min after HUT (mid), and 15 min after HUT or presyncope (late). Seventeen patients fainted (HUT+), and 12 patients did not (HUT-). Variability indices were different for HUT and HUT+ at baseline: SDNN was 123 ± 17 versus 78 ± 6, RMSSD was 127 ± 23 versus 64 ± 6 ms, pNN50 was 51 ± 6 versus 31 ± 4, respectively. Spectral data demonstrated decreased HFP and TP in HUT- (834 ± 133 and 2855 ± 420 ms2) versus HUT (3433 ± 840 and 7062 ± 1500). With tilt, SDNN, RMSSD, and pNN50 decreased proportionately in HUT and HUT+. However, sympathovagal balance, measured by the ratio LFP/HFP and by normalized LFP, was markedly increased in HUT+ (2.2 ± 0.7 and 0.43 ± 0.03) compared with HUT (0.8 ± 0.2 and 0.31 ± 0.02) at baseline and differences increased with tilt. With syncope, sympathetic activity decreased, and parasympathetic activity increased. Decreased RR variability with decreased parasympathetic activity and increased indices of sympathovagal balance before HUT predict a positive tilt test in children referred for evaluation of neurocardiogenic syncope.