Present Strategies for Critical Bone Defects Regeneration

Abstract

TGF-β1 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that regulates immune cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, and migration. Compelling evidence has demonstrated a strong association between the immune and skeletal systems (so called Osteoimmunology), such as the critical role of TGF-β1 in the development and maintenance of the skeletal tissue. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms in which TGF-β1 interacts with bone component cells, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells, in concert with other cytokines and hormones. © 2013 Kasagi and Chen; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.