Stromules

Abstract

Stomules are dynamic tubular structures that extend from plastid's outer surface. Although stromule-like structures were reported in the 1930s, only recently the dynamic nature of stromules is beginning to emerge with the advent of live cell imaging using fluorescent proteins. In this chapter we describe historical observations on stromule-like structures and modern cell biological approaches that are being used to visualize stromules. We summarize current knowledge about stromule formation, regulation, and their interaction with other cellular organelles. Finally, we discuss potential role for stromules during biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants.