Luminescent Carbon Nanodots Doped with Gadolinium (III): Purification Criteria, Chemical and Biological Characterization of a New Dual Fluorescence/MR Imaging Agent

Abstract

Carbon Dots (CDs) are luminescent quasi-spherical nanoparticles, possessing water solubility, high biocompatibility, and tunable chemical and physical properties for a wide range of applications, including nanomedicine and theranostics. The evaluation of new purification criteria, useful to achieve more reliable CDs, free from the interference of artifacts, is currently an object of debate in the field. Here, new CDs doped with gadolinium (Gd (III)), named Gd@CNDs, are presented as multifunctional probes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This new system is a case of study, to evaluate and/or combine different purification strategies, as a crucial approach to generate CDs with a better performance. Indeed, these new amorphous Gd@CNDs display good homogeneity, and they are free from emissive side products. Gd@CNDs (7–10 nm) contain 7% of Gd (III) w/w, display suitable and stable longitudinal relaxivity (r1) and with emissive behavior, therefore potentially useful for both MR and fluorescence imaging. They show good biocompatibility in both cellular and in vivo studies, cell permeability, and the ability to generate contrast in cellular pellets. Finally, MRI recording T1-weighted images on mice after intravenous injection of Gd@CNDs, show signal enhancement in the liver, spleen, and kidney 30 min postinjection.