Mechanics of bacterial cells and initial surface colonisation

Abstract

The mechanical properties of bacterial cells play an important role in crucial bacterial processes such as cell growth, colonisation and biofilm formation. Recent developments in the field of nanotechnology and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have made it possible to observe, characterise and understand the nanomechanic behaviour of live bacterial cells as never before. Unlike traditional techniques, AFM makes it possible to employ living bacteria in their physiological environment with minimal or no sample preparation. The technique of AFM nanoindentation opens new possibilities to study bacterial cell wall stiffness under different mechanical and buffer conditions. Also, by attaching bacterial cells to functionalised AFM cantilevers, single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) can be used to measure the adhesion of bacteria to biological and non-biological substrates at the nano-newton and pico-newton scale, and provide specific information on receptor–ligand interactions. By studying the biophysics of the bacterial–surface interaction with the abovementioned techniques, it has been possible to gain new insight on the early stages of bacterial colonisation and biofilm formation.