A mutation in the propeptide of factor IX leads to warfarin sensitivity by a novel mechanism

Abstract

The propeptide sequences of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors serve as a recognition site for the enzyme γ-glutamylcarboxylase, which catalyzes the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues at the NH2 terminus of the mature protein. We describe a mutation in the propeptide of Factor IX that results in warfarin sensitivity because of reduced affinity of the carboxylase for the Factor IX precursor. The proband has a Factor IX activity level of > 100% off warfarin and < 1% on warfarin, at a point where other vitamin K-dependent factors were at 30-40% activity levels. Direct sequence analysis of amplified genomic DNA from all eight exons and exon-intron junctions showed a single guanosine →adenosine transition at nucleotide 6346 resulting in an alanine to threonine change at residue -10 in the propeptide. To define the mechanism by which the mutation resulted in warfarin sensitivity, we analyzed wild-type and mutant recombinant peptides in an in vitro carboxylation reaction. The peptides that were analyzed included the wild-type sequence, the Ala-10→Thr sequence, and Ala-10→Gly, a substitution based on the sequence in bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein. Measurement of CO2 incorporation at a range of peptide concentrations yielded a V(max) of 343 cpm/min/reaction for the wild-type peptide, and V(max) values of 638 and 726 for A-10T and A-10G respectively, a difference of only twofold. The K(m) values, on the other hand, showed a 33-fold difference between wild-type and the variants, with a value of 0.29 μM for wild-type, and 10.9 and 9.50 μM, respectively, for A-10T and A-10G. Similar kinetic experiments showed no substantial differences between wild-type and mutant peptides in kinetic parameters of the carboxylase-peptide complexes for reduced vitamin K. We conclude that the major defect resulting from the Factor IX Ala-10→Thr mutation is a reduction in affinity of the carboxylase for the mutant propeptide. These studies delineate a novel mechanism for warfarin sensitivity. In addition, the data may also explain the observation that bone G1a protein is more sensitive to warfarin than the coagulation proteins.