Nanoscale electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors from ionic liquids probed by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract

In this chapter, we have reviewed the current state of the knowledge of the nanoscale electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors on single-crystal electrodes from ionic liquids (ILs), which might be vital for both basic and applied researches. Emphasis has been placed on the atomic-or submolecular-level characterization of the respective nucleation and growth by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), whose studies are still in its infancy. Firstly, technological point of STM for ILs has been briefly discussed as well as the adsorption behavior of anions and cations of ILs. Secondly, in situ STM studies on the metal electrodeposition in ILs are reviewed. For simplicity, the discussion will be categorized into reactive (e.g., Al, Zn, Li), magnetic (e.g., Fe, Co, Ni), semimetal (e.g., Sb, Bi), coinage (e.g., Cu, Ag, Au), and rare metals (e.g., Ga, Ti, Ta). Thirdly, in situ STM studies on the electrocrystallization of elemental (e.g., Si, Ge) and compound semiconductors (e.g., AlSb, ZnSb) are briefly reviewed. We conclude this chapter with our personal perspectives on future research in this field.