Health Adaptations to Climate Change: Need for Farsighted, Integrated Approaches

Abstract

The health effects attributable to climate change may include an increase in (1) heat-related mortality and morbidity, (2) infectious diseases, (3) malnutrition and dehydration, and (4) damage to the public health infrastructure. The monitoring of health-risk indicators associated with climate change must be improved, and the need to plan for adaptive measures is immediate. Adaptive options include improved and extended preventive medical care, disaster preparedness, protective technology, and appropriate professional training. Some of these options are energy-intensive (e.g., air conditioning) and will worsen greenhouse warming by creating a need for more energy, unless alternative energy sources are developed. Vector control is another response with potentially harmful side-effects. An integrated approach to environmental management is needed for realistic success. Many diseases may not respond to preventive actions; moreover, the growth of emerging epidemics in warmer environments will be difficult to anticipate. In light of these shortcomings, improved monitoring and research are needed to guide policymakers as they choose options for mitigating greenhouse gases in conjunction with implementing adaptive measures.