Changing lifestyle behaviors to improve the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease

Abstract

Up to 80 % of the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population is attributable to lifestyle factors. Hence, the modification of lifestyle behaviors is important for reducing cardiovascular risk in the context of primary and secondary CVD prevention. However, initiating and sustaining changes in lifestyle behaviors remains challenging, particularly for patients who have experienced a potentially life-threatening CVD event. This chapter reviews the evidence base for changing lifestyle behaviors that contribute most to the etiology, progression, and outcomes of CVD, that is, nutrition and dietary behaviors, physical activity, and smoking. Furthermore, the evidence in relation to the effectiveness of behavioral interventions and key factors to consider in the implementation of effective behavior and lifestyle change programs in clinical and non-clinical settings are discussed. Finally, the implications of these findings for future research and practice in the field are considered.