Provision of inertial response as ancillary service from active distribution networks to the transmission system

Abstract

Nowadays, traditional synchronous generators are replaced by distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs), whichare connected to the grid via power converters. This shift towards non-synchronous generation leads to low inertia powersystems and affects considerably the frequency control procedure. To provide an inertial response and to enhance grid stability,DRESs can be equipped with fast discharging energy storage systems, such as ultracapacitors. This feature allows distributionsystem operators (DSOs) to provide an inertial response as ancillary service to transmission system operators (TSOs) bycoordinating the operation of many DRESs. For this purpose, DSOs should develop tools to quantify and control the provision ofinertial response. Towards this objective, in this study, two new methodologies are proposed. The first one aims to evaluate themaximum aggregated inertial capability of active distribution networks (ADNs). The second one aims to dispatch DRESs toprovide specific, TSO-defined, inertial response with the minimum cost. Both methods are tested on a medium voltage grid.Several cases are examined highlighting the impact of different parameters, such as converter limitations, line congestions, onthe inertial capability of ADNs. Results indicate that the proposed methods can fully exploit operational limits of ADNs andmaximise their inertial capability.