Cosmic-ray spectrum in the local Galaxy

Abstract

Aims. We study the spectral properties of the cosmic-ray spectrum in the interstellar medium within 1 kpc distance from the Sun. Methods. We used eight-year exposure data of molecular clouds of the Gould Belt obtained with the Fermi-LAT telescope to precisely measure the cosmic-ray spectrum at different locations in the local Galaxy. We compared this measurement with the direct measurements of the cosmic-ray flux in and around the solar system obtained by Voyager and AMS-02 or PAMELA. Results. We find that the average cosmic-ray spectrum in the local Galaxy in the 1-100 GeV range is well described by a broken power-law in rigidity with a low-energy slope of 2.33+0.06-0.082.33-0.08+0.06 and a break at 18+7-418-4+7 GV, with a slope change by 0.59 ± 0.11. This result is consistent with an earlier analysis of the γ-ray signal from the Gould Belt clouds based on a shorter exposure of Fermi-LAT and with a different event selection. The break at 10-20 GV is also consistent with the combined Voyager + AMS-02 measurements in/around the solar system. The slope of the spectrum below the break agrees with the slope of the average cosmic-ray spectrum in the inner part of the disk of the Milky Way that was previously derived from the Fermi-LAT γ-ray data. We conjecture that it is this slope of 2.33 and not the locally measured softer slope of 2.7-2.8 that is determined by the balance between a steady-state injection of cosmic rays with a power-law slope of 2-2.1 that is due to Fermi acceleration and the energy-dependent propagation of cosmic-ray particles through the turbulent interstellar magnetic field with a Kolmogorov turbulence spectrum. The approximation of a continuous-in-time injection of cosmic rays at a constant rate breaks down, which causes the softening of the spectrum at higher energies.