Giant cell tumor of soft tissue is genetically distinct from its bone counterpart

Abstract

Giant cell tumors of bone are locally aggressive bone neoplasms with a predilection for young adults. Histologically, they are composed of histiocytoid to spindled mononuclear cells, admixed with numerous large osteoclastic giant cells. Giant cell tumors of soft tissue are rare tumors that bear striking histological resemblance to giant cell tumors of bone and might be regarded as a soft tissue analog thereof. Point mutations of the H3F3A gene (coding for a histone H3.3 protein) at the Gly34 codon, mostly G34W resulting from a GGG>TGG nucleotide change, have recently been identified in a vast majority of giant cell tumors of bone. To delineate the possible pathogenic linkage between both tumor types, we analyzed the H3F3A genotypes in a series of 15 giant cell tumors of soft tissue by Sanger sequencing and found no mutation in any case. We then sequenced cognate histone H3 genes with an identical nucleotide sequence ('GGG') at the codon Gly34, including the H3F3B, H3F3C, HIST2H3A, HIST2H3C, and HIST2H3D genes, and no somatic mutation was detected. These results reveal that giant cell tumors of soft tissue are probably genetically distinct from their bone counterparts and suggest that they might be pathogenically unrelated. Given the prominence of non-neoplastic cells in these tumors and the limitations of the current study, however, analyses using more sensitive techniques might be required to solve the issue.