Macrophage reaction against sub-micron titanium particles

Abstract

Around titanium (Ti) implants, peri-implantitis is sometimes found. This study clarified that macrophage actively phagocytized and intra-cellulary refined sub-micron Ti particles (simulated wear debris) while producing abundant inflamma- tory cytokines. The amounts of inflammatory cytokines were significantly increased by concomitant stimulation with Ti particles and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).