Generic and advanced characterization techniques

Abstract

Nowadays, the valorization of biomass, biowastes and by-products is among the key issue to be considered in the development of renewable energies from bioresources. Accurate analysis and characterization of these feedstocks is a crucial aspect in the understanding of their behaviour for further use. This chapter is focused on different characterization techniques which are commonly used up-to-date. They are classified in different categories: Sampling and storage; Proximate analysis; Ultimate analysis; Thermal analysis, Physical characterizations; Physico-chemical characterizations; Structural and textural characterizations; and Mechanical characterizations. For each of them, a general description of the technique is presented, followed by useful information on machines and experimental conditions such as sample preparation, sample pre-treatment, gas atmosphere, temperature program etc. Finally, examples, results treatment and exploitations will be provided to illustrate. This chapter provides an insight on generic and advanced characterization techniques for complex materials, such as biomass, biowastes and related bio-products, that will be again discussed along the handbook in the other chapters.