Two steps in the transition between the native and acid states of bovine α‐lactalbumin detected by circular polarization of luminescence: Evidence for a premolten globule state?

Abstract

A few studies indirectly support the existence of an intermediate in the transition of Ca2+‐saturated bovine α‐lactalbumin (α‐LA) from the native (N) to the acidic (A) state, known as the molten globule state. However, direct experimental evidence for the appearance of this intermediate has not been obtained. The signal of circular polarization of luminescence (CPL) is sensitive to fine conformational transitions because of its susceptibility to changes in the environmental asymmetry of fluorescent chromophores in their excited electronic states. In the present study, CPL measurements were applied using the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of α‐LA as well as the fluorescence of 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) bound to α‐LA. CPL of tryptophan and ANS was measured in the pH range of 2.5–6 in order to find direct experimental evidence for the proposed intermediate. CPL (characterized by the emission anisotropy factor, gem) depends on the asymmetry of the protein molecular structure in the environment of the tryptophan and the ANS chromophores in the excited electronic state. The pH dependence of both the gab, absorption anisotropy factor determined by CD, and the ANS steady state fluorescence, showed a single transition at pH 3–3.7 as already reported elsewhere. This transition was interpreted as being a result of a change of the α‐LA tertiary structure, which resulted in a loss of asymmetry of the environment of both the tryptophan residues and the ANS hydrophobic binding sites. The pH dependence of the tryptophan and ANS gem showed an additional conformational transition at pH 4–5, which coincided with the pKa of Ca2+ dissociation (pKa 5), as predicted by Permyakov et al. (1981, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 100:191–197). The titration curve showed that there is a pH range between 3.7 and 4.1 in which α‐LA exists in an intermediate state between the N‐ and A‐state. We suggest that the intermediate is the premolten globule state characterized by a reduced Ca2+ binding to the α‐LA, native‐like tertiary structure, and reduced asymmetric fluctuation of the tertiary structure on the nanosecond time scale. This intermediate resembles the “critical activated state” theoretically deduced by Kuwajima et al. (1989, J Mol Biol 206:547–561). The present study demonstrates the power of CPL measurements for the investigation of folding/unfolding transitions in proteins. Copyright © 1995 The Protein Society