Ivermectin, an Unconventional Agonist of the Glycine Receptor Chloride Channel

Abstract

The effects of the antihelmintic, ivermectin, were investigated in recombinantly expressed human α1 homomeric and α 1β heteromeric glycine receptors (GlyRs). At low (0.03 μM) concentrations ivermectin potentiated the response to sub-saturating glycine concentrations, and at higher (≥0.03 μM) concentrations it irreversibly activated both α1 homomeric and α1β heteromeric GlyRs. Relative to glycine-gated currents, ivermectin-gated currents exhibited a dramatically reduced sensitivity to inhibition by strychnine, picrotoxin, and zinc. The insensitivity to strychnine could not be explained by ivermectin preventing the access of strychnine to its binding site. Furthermore, the elimination of a known glycine- and strychnine-binding site by site-directed mutagenesis had little effect on ivermectin sensitivity, demonstrating that the ivermectin- and glycine-binding sites were not identical. Ivermectin strongly and irreversibly activated a fast-desensitizing mutant GlyR after it had been completely desensitized by a saturating concentration of glycine. Finally, a mutation known to impair dramatically the glycine signal transduction mechanism had little effect on the apparent affinity or efficacy of ivermectin. Together, these findings indicate that ivermectin activates the GlyR by a novel mechanism.