Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites

Abstract

Graphene, a unique material with a Young's modulus of 1 TPa and a strength of 130 GPa, coupled with high thermal conductivity and excellent electronic transport properties, is theoretically the best available reinforcing material today. This chapter highlights various methods currently employed for the production of graphene nanocomposites, for example, exfoliation in water in the presence of soluble polymers, physical melt mixing, in situ polymerization, grafting, etc. Apart from single-layer graphene, different forms of the material that are easily scalable for commercialization are in use. Dispersion of the fillers is an important issue that needs to be addressed as it influences the properties of the polymer composites. The most significant part of the chapter is the discussion regarding the properties of nanocomposites. Inclusion of a very small amount (0.1-2 vol%) of graphene results in a large improvement in both modulus (up to 900%) and strength (up to 100%) of a wide range of thermosets, thermoplastics, and elastomers. Highly conductive graphene sheets can form interconnected percolating pathways for enhanced electrical conductivity in matrices for as low as 0.1 vol% loading. Other important properties of the composites include thermal conductivity, thermal stability, dimensional stability, and gas permeability. Such properties give rise to countless opportunities for novel applications for now and the future. Hybrid composites utilizing two or more nanoparticles have exhibited promising results and need further attention.