Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Review of teratogenicity, diagnosis and treatment issues

Abstract

Despite the known adverse effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol, many children who experience these adverse effects do not receive proper diagnosis. Current conceptualizations of the harmful results of in utero alcohol exposure are a continuum or spectrum of disorders or diagnoses, including: Fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND). A more recent term that has been introduced is fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). In this chapter, we discuss diagnosis, treatments, and approaches for optimal health outcomes for children with FASD. While the number and severity of negative effects can range from subtle to serious, the negative consequences are lifelong. By strengthening families and caregivers through education, advocacy, and programs, there will be not only benefit to individuals living with an FASD, but also families and communities at large.