The clinically available opioids have different physicochemical properties, resulting in differences in clinical profile with regard to potency, onset, and duration of activity. However, they all have comparable side-effects after acute systemic application. Several approaches can be used to overcome these side-effects. The following approaches, with special emphasis on the perioperative use of the opioids, are discussed: (1) the use of alternative routes of administration, such as via the spine (epidurally and intrathecally); (2) optimization of opioid delivery by means of slow-release preparations, chronic infusions with indwelling catheters, and transdermal delivery systems; (3) use of additional agents to potentiate the analgesic properties of the opioids so that the dose of opioid can be reduced; and (4) searching for new analgesics on the basis of knowledge of the pain-transmission system and the different opioid receptors with their functional interactions.
CITATION STYLE
Meert, T. F. (1996). Pharmacotherapy of opioids: Present and future developments. Pharmacy World and Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00449683
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