Helper T Cell 17 and Regulatory T Cell Levels in Peripheral Blood of Newly Diagnosed Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

This article aims to explore associated immune indicators of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) through a meta-analysis of published case-control studies on newly diagnosed AITD patients, intending to provide some suggestions for research on the mechanisms of AITD. Six electronic databases were searched for case-control studies on newly diagnosed AITD patients from inception to August 15, 2022. A random-effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD), odds ratio (OR), and 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI). A total of 26 articles were included in this meta-analysis. Patients with newly diagnosed AITD had higher levels of helper T cell 17 (Th17) (Hashimoto's disease (HT): SMD = 2.35, 95 % CI: 1.98, 2.72; Graves' disease (GD): SMD = 1.61, 95 % CI: 1.23, 1.98), lower levels of regulatory T cell (Treg) (HT: SMD = -2.04, 95 % CI: -2.67, -1.42; GD: SMD = -1.35, 95 % CI: -2.11, -0.58), and lower levels of fork-head box P3 (FoxP3) mRNA (HT: SMD = -2.58, 95 % CI: -3.12, -2.05; GD: SMD = -2.13, 95 % CI: -2.56, -1.70), compared to the healthy population. In addition, the single nucleotide polymorphism rs3761548 and rs3761549 in the promoter region of FoxP3 showed a higher frequency in the comparison of genotype “CT” only in HT patients than in the healthy population (OR = 1.66, 95 %CI: 1.18, 2.34). In patients with newly diagnosed AITD, the Th17/Treg ratio imbalance may develop AITD. Monitoring Th17 and Treg levels may become an essential tool to assess the organism's immune homeostasis and hopefully guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.