Transphobia

Abstract

Transphobia is the disgust toward individuals not conforming to society's gender expectations. It is expressed through prejudge, discrimination, harassment, and violence against transgenders. Experiences of discrimination, violence, victimization, and sexual assault motivated by the gender identity of the victim are widespread, although the exact extent cannot be known. The most shocking expression of transphobia is the murder of hundreds of transgenders around the world. Transphobia is associated with mental health problems and adverse health outcomes. In particular, a positive association with depression and suicidal risk has been demonstrated. Although standards on nondiscrimination and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons have been further developed by the European Union (EU), the Council of Europe, and the United Nations (UN), European legislation should be largely improved.