Effects of water immersion on quasi-static standing exploring center of pressure sway and trunk acceleration: a case series after incomplete spinal cord injury

Abstract

Study design: This work is a case series. Objectives: We assessed the influence of the aquatic environment on quasi-static posture by measuring center of pressure (COP) sway and trunk acceleration parameters after incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) in water and on land. Setting: Tertiary Rehabilitation Hospital, Ontario, Canada. Methods: Six adult participants with iSCI (4 cervical/2 thoracic injuries, AIS D) were enrolled. Baseline balance was assessed by the Berg Balance Scale and Mini-Balance Evaluation System Test. Participants stood on a waterproof force plate for one minute per trial on land and in water; participants completed testing with their eyes open or closed in random order over 10 trials. Individuals’ perceptions of their standing balance were obtained. COP and trunk acceleration parameters were analyzed in the time-domain. Results: COP sway and upper to lower trunk acceleration ratios in the AP direction increased in water, which was in contrast to standing on land in both visual conditions for 5/6 participants. Three participants (P1, P3 & P4) with greater sensorimotor deficits had larger COP sway in water with the eyes closed. Two (P1 & P4) of six participants reported more discomfort standing in water than standing on land. Conclusions: Increased COP sway seemed to reflect the balance and sensorimotor impairments of the participants, especially when standing with eyes closed in water. Although most participants (4/6) perceived that they swayed more in water in contrast to on land, 5 out of 6 participants reported that water felt like a safer environment in which to stand.