Fetal imaging and effects of exposures on growth and function

Abstract

Fetal growth and function are regulated and influenced by a multitude of complex factors including genetic profile of the embryo, maternal predispositions, placental state, fetal and maternal hormonal environment, and adequate nutrient and oxygen supply to the developing fetus. Every abnormal change that occurs during this sensitive developmental period programs health condition of the individual in postnatal life – the phenomenon known as “fetal programming.” One of the most prevalent disorders affecting fetal development rate in almost 10 % of all pregnancies is fetal growth restriction (FGR) – a very complex and multifactorial disorder that often results in multiple adverse perinatal and postnatal complications including death. A growing number of studies over the last few decades confirms that the complex interaction between genetic constitution, prenatal and early postnatal environment determines the growth and development of the fetus and defines the susceptibility to certain disorders in adult life, like cardiovascular disease, neurobehavioral and metabolic disorders. Considering the high prevalence of FGR and the progressing availability of intervention strategies, it is of the highest clinical relevance to detect potential health risks as early as possible, to introduce timely preventive interventions and to adapt the life style in order to improve the long-term outcome of FGR cases.