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Biomechanical Characteristics of the Bone

  • Pria Bankoff A
InTech, (2012)
DOI: 10.5772/19690
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Abstract

This book covers many aspects of human musculoskeletal biomechanics. As the title represents, aspects of forces, motion, kinetics, kinematics, deformation, stress, and strain are examined for a range of topics such as human muscles, skeleton, and vascular biomechanics independently or in the presence of devices. Topics range from image processing to interpret range of motion and/or diseases, to subject specific temporomandibular joint, spinal units, braces to control scoliosis, hand functions, spine anthropometric analyses along with finite element analyses.

Figures

  • Fig. 1.1. This mean section of the proximal tip of the femur shows both the compact bone and the sponge bone. The dense compact bone covers the external part of the bone, going downside in order to form the bone body. The sponge bone is found in the tips and is identified by its truss appearance. Watch for the curvature in the trabeculae, which is formed to support the stresses. Bankoff (2007, p. 122).
  • Fig. 1.2. The bone is considered anisotropic because it responds differently when the forces are applied in different directions. (A) The bone can lead to great forces applied in the longitudinal direction. (B) The bone is strong when it leads with forces applied transversally crossing its surface. Bankoff (2007, p. 123).
  • Fig. 1.3. The bone is considered viscoelastic because it responds differently when it receives loads in different speeds. (A) When it receives the load quickly, the bone responds more rigidly, and may handle a higher load before it breaks. (B) When it receives the load slowly, the bone is not so rigid or strong, breaking under lesser loads. Bankoff (2007, p.123 ).
  • Fig. 1.4. The stress-distension curve and the load-deformation curve illustrate the performance strength characteristic of a material when subjected to the load. When the load is applied, there is an (A) initial elastic response that eventually reaches a (B) deformation
  • Fig. 1.5. Such stress-distension curves illustrate the differences of behavior among (A) flexible material, (B) fragile material and (C) bone, that has both fragile and flexible properties. When the load is applied, a fragile material responds linearly and fails or breaks before experiences any permanent deformation. The flexible material will get into the plastic area and will be considerably deformed before the failure or break. The bone is slightly deformed before the failure. Bankoff (2007, p. 124).
  • Fig. 1.6. The strength and stiffness of a variety of different materials are represented by four quadrants representing flexible and weak materials which is (A); flexible and weak; (B) hard and weak (C) hard and strong; and (D) flexible and strong. Watch that the bone is classified
  • Fig. 1.7. The stress, that is the force by area unit, may occur perpendicularly to the plan (normal stress) as represented in (A), or in parallel to the plan (stress with shear) represented in (B). The distension, that is the deformation of the material, is represented in (C) normal distension, in which the extent varies and (D) distension with shear, in which the angle is changed. Bankoff (2007, p. 125).
  • Fig. 1.8. Stress fractures occur in response to the excessive loads on the skeletal system so that cumulative microtrauma occurring in the bone. A stress fracture in the second metatarsal, as shown above, is caused by running on hard surfaces or using hard shoes. It is also associated with people with high arches and can be created by fatigue of neighbors muscles. Bankoff (2007, p. 126).

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CITATION STYLE

APA

Pria Bankoff, A. D. (2012). Biomechanical Characteristics of the Bone. In Human Musculoskeletal Biomechanics. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/19690

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