Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disease (CKD-MBD) and Cardiac Arrest Risk Factors among Renal Failure Patients

Abstract

The major complications related to CKD include cardiovascular disease, anemia, and abnormalities related to mineral bone metabolism. Disturbance in mineral and bone metabolism accompanied by soft tissue and vascular calcification is one of the most common and important consequences of CKD development and progression. Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death for patients with end stage renal disease) ESRD (. The potential factors increasing the risk for sudden cardiac arrest in patients with CKD include fluid overload, abnormalities in ion metabolism, and electrolyte shifts. Hyperkalemia is associated with increases in the all-cause mortality and advanced CKD is an independent predictor of hyperkalemia. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cardiac arrest and CKD-MBD risk factors, as electrolyte imbalance, defect in mineral metabolism, anemia, and diabetes among CKD patients. This study was performed in El-Zahraa hospital in the West of Libya and conducted on 72 patients (35 males and 37 females) with chronic renal failure from January to June 2013 and a group of 40 (20 males and 20 females) individuals as control. By estimating GFR, most of patients (about 80%) were in stage five of chronic kidney disease. The patients who within stage four limits were about 17% is very low percentage of patients who within stage three limits (about 3%), on the other hand, no patients within limits of stages one or two. By measuring serum electrolytes for patients and control groups, the results showed that about half of the patient groups were with hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Calcium levels in patients was lower than control in about 40%, and Phosphorus level was higher than normal in 85% of patient populations. The illustrated results were showed that more than 50% of patients had increase in the alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity. The results also illustrated that most of patients were anemic (80%) and fifty percent of patients were diabetic.