‘Espionage Is Practised Here on a Vast Scale’. The Neutral Netherlands, 1914–1940

Abstract

… Frey wrote his Ph.D. on the economic aspects of Dutch neutrality, 2 while Van Tuyll analysed both strategic, diplomatic and intelligence aspects … My hypothesis is that counter-espionage and intelligence gathering done by GS III in 1914–1918 was in fact crucial in strengthening …