Spatiotemporal Variation in Distribution, Size, and Relative Abundance within a Salish Sea Nearshore Forage Fish Community

Abstract

Forage fish are schooling species commonly occurring in both offshore pelagic and nearshore coastal habitats. Beyond use by some species for spawning, the dynamics of nearshore habitat use are not well understood. The objective of our study was to evaluate the spring–summer dynamics of forage fish occurrence in nearshore habitats of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington. We suspected that habitat changes resulting from removal of two large dams on the Elwha River (2009–2011) may have altered fish presence and abundance. Monthly beach seine sampling in four regions along 40 km of shoreline was conducted from April to September between 2006 and 2019. We caught nearly 600,000 fish, comprising 82 different species. Nine species of forage fish accounted for 81.7% of all fishes caught; most were classified as postlarvae and juveniles based on size. There were spatial differences in the forage fish assemblage between two of our sites but no discernable year effects and no obvious impact of dam removal on forage community composition. Three species represented 78.8% of the catch: Pacific Herring Clupea pallasii, Pacific Sand Lance Ammodytes hexapterus, and Surf Smelt Hypomesus pretiosus. We used a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model to evaluate spatial and temporal variability in the probability of occurrence of these species. Each species exhibited a unique pattern of intra-annual, interannual, and regional fluctuations. Pacific Herring occurrence progressively increased monthly, Pacific Sand Lance occurrence decreased, and Surf Smelt probability of occurrence peaked in June. Temporal variations in distribution and abundance of these species are likely driven by life history differences and biological requirements. We speculate that specific characteristics of each region, including proximity to spawning areas, spawn timing, extant current patterns, and ecosystem processes, drove variations in distribution between species.