Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in the glaucomatous optic neuropathy: New developments and a review

Abstract

Glaucoma is a group of progressive optic neuropathies that have in common a slow progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, resulting in a distinct appearance of the optic disc and a concomitant pattern of visual loss. Biomarkers are characteristics objectively measured and evaluated as indication of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. Several biological markers have been implicated with glaucoma, especially genetics, proteomics, autoimmune and other molecular biomarkers, although, most awaits clinical validation. There are clear potential benefits in using biomarkers. Information can be obtained earlier, faster, and less costly. This review summarizes the latest developments and approaches in glaucoma biomarkers and its possible uses in the diagnosis, staging, and as predictors of response to treatment.