Electrocardiography: Basic Knowledge with Focus on Fetal and Pediatric ECG

Abstract

Although the basic principles of electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation in children are identical to those in adults, pediatric ECGs are more challenging to read as compared to adult ECGs. These difficulties are mainly related to progressive changes in normal cardiac anatomy and physiology between birth and adolescence. Furthermore, structural and hemodynamic changes in congenital heart disease may affect nearly all aspects of the surface ECG. Therefore, the ability to clearly distinguish an abnormal ECG pattern from a normal variant is an essential skill for pediatric practitioners. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a systematic approach to ECG interpretation in pediatric patients. We also discussed all important ECG abnormalities such as chamber hypertrophy, conduction abnormalities, and common cardiac arrhythmias. In addition, we presented typical ECG features of common congenital heart diseases, cardiomyopathies, cardiac inflammatory conditions, and cardiac tumors in children. We hope that the readers will find this chapter a helpful synopsis and an enjoyable experience.