The Case of Rwanda as a Developmental State

Abstract

This paper discusses the applicability of the concept of a developmental state in Africa through a case study of Rwanda. It analyzes the country's unconventional institutional framework that enables the acceleration of `primitive accumulation,' a leap from pre-capitalism to capitalism, which is an important step for facilitating entrepreneurship in the country. The developmental state can be defined as one that attempts to deploy its administrative and political resources for economic development. The Rwandan state has several attributes of the classic developmental state: a transformative leadership with a developmental vision, closely intertwined business, and political sectors to build an entrepreneurial society and a highly effective public bureaucracy. What makes Rwanda different from states with similar developmental ambitions is its unique post-genocidal setting and special homegrown solutions. The 1994 genocide was a shock that moved Rwanda out of the high-corruption equilibrium and opened a window of opportunity for deep-seated reforms. Homegrown solutions combine classic developmental tools with indigenous knowledge and mobilize people to take part in the long-term development of their country. Rwandan innovative ideas prove that private enterprise, rather than charity, might be a sustainable solution for poverty in Africa. Ordinary Rwandans feel part of Rwanda Inc. and society's extensive involvement ensures exceptionally wide support for the regime: The government and military are backed by 80-90 % of the population in most of their endeavors.