The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae

Abstract

1 Comparative and Historical Aspects of the Togaviridae and Flaviviridae -- I. Introduction -- II. Yellow Fever -- III. Early Studies on Viral Encephalitides -- IV. Arthropod-Borne Viruses -- V. Viral Classification and Nomenclature -- VI. Arbovirus Study Group: Togaviruses and Togaviridae -- VII. Non-Arthropod-Borne Togaviruses -- VIII. Contribution of the World Health Organization -- IX. Contribution of the American Committee on Arthropod-Borne Viruses -- X. Impact of Molecular Biology on Viral Classification -- XI. Flaviviridae as a Separate Family -- References -- 2 Alphavirus Structure -- I. Introduction -- II. General Properties -- III. Virion Assembly -- References -- 3 Structure and Replication of the Alphavirus Genome -- I. Introduction -- II. Structure of the Alphavirus Genome -- III. Nonstructural Proteins -- IV. Structural Proteins -- V. Replication and Transcription of Viral RNA -- VI. Evolution of the Alphavirus Genome -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Entry of Alphaviruses -- I. Introduction -- II. Attachment -- III. Endocytotic Uptake and Penetration -- IV. Inhibition of Entry -- V. Acid-Dependent Membrane Fusion -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- 5 Formation and Assembly of Alphavirus Glycoproteins -- I. Glycoprotein Structures and Domains -- II. Biosynthesis of Polypeptides -- III. Glycosylation -- IV. Fatty Acid Acylation -- V. Proteolytic Formation of E2 -- VI. Localization of Glycoproteins to Intracellular Organelles -- VII. Expression of Virus Glycoproteins from Complementary DNAs -- VIII. Assembly and Budding of Virus -- IX. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 6 Defective RNAs of Alphaviruses -- I. Introduction -- II. Identification of Sequences Retained in the Defective Interfering Genomes of Sindbis and Semliki Forest Viruses -- III. Defective Interfering Particles of Alphaviruses and Persistent Infections -- IV. Defective Interfering Particles as a Probe for Analysis of Viral Replication and Identification of Host Factors -- V. Conclusion -- References -- 7 Replication of Alphaviruses in Mosquito Cells -- I. Introduction -- II. Growth of Alphaviruses in Whole Insects and Insect Larvae -- III. Development of Cell Cultures for Use in Studies of Alphavirus-Insect Cell Interactions -- IV. Early Events in the Infection of Cultured Insect Cells with Alphaviruses -- V. Development of Alphaviruses during Acute Infection of Insect Cells -- VI. Role of Insect Host-Cell Functions in the Reproduction of Alphaviruses -- VII. Establishment and Maintenance of Persistent Alphavirus Infections of Insect Cells -- VIII. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 8 Alphavirus Pathogenesis and Immunity -- I. Introduction -- II. Disease Pathogenesis -- III. Development of the Immune Response -- IV. Summary -- References -- 9 The Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Studies of the Structural Proteins of Togaviruses and Flaviviruses -- I. Introduction -- II. Alphaviruses -- III. Flaviviruses -- IV. Other Viruses -- V. Assessment of Future Research Goals -- References -- 10 Structure of the Flavivirus Genome -- I. Introduction -- II. Physical Structure of the Genome -- III. Genome Organization -- IV. Characteristics of Flavivirus Proteins from Sequence Data -- V. Structures in the Flavivirus Genome -- VI. Evolution of Flaviviruses -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Replication of Flaviviruses -- I. Introduction -- II. Virion Morphology and Composition -- III. Infection of Cultured Cells -- IV. Viral Morphogenesis -- V. Viral RNA Synthesis -- VI. Viral Protein Synthesis -- VII. Genetically Controlled Resistance to Flaviviruses -- VIII. Defective Interfering Particles -- IX. Persistent Infections -- X. Flavivirus Mutants -- XI. Summary -- References -- 12 Pathology of the Flaviviruses -- I. Introduction -- II. Medical Importance of the Flaviviruses -- III. Pathobiological Significance of Natural Virus Variation and Heterogeneity -- IV. Pathogenesis of Flaviviral Encephalitis -- V. Pathogenesis of Flaviviral Hemorrhagic Fevers -- References.