Evidence for DNA phosphate backbone alkylation and cleavage by pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazoles: Small molecules capable of causing base-pair-specific phosphodiester bond hydrolysis

Abstract

This report presents evidence that a reduced pyrrolo[1,2-o]benzimidazole (PBI) cleaves DNA as a result of phosphate alkylation followed by hydrolysis of the resulting phosphate triester. The base-pair specificity of the phosphate alkylation results from Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonding of the reduced PBI in the major groove at only A·T and G·C base pairs. Alkylated phosphates were detected by 31P NMR and the cleavage products were detected by 1H NMR and HPLC. Evidence is also presented that a reduced PBI interacts with DNA in the major groove rather than in the minor groove or by intercalation.