Introduction

Abstract

Science and its cultures are generally associated with male efforts, male responsibility and male success. Traditionally, men have always dominated science and determined the frameworks of scientific practice - the questions that are asked and the answers that are given. Despite the fact that there are numerous examples of outstanding women scientists in the past and in the present, whose works and discoveries have advanced knowledge and innovation through the centuries, women in general have been discouraged and dissuaded from science. In both Germany and South Africa, changes in persisting cultures and structures have been achieved only gradually.