High serum magnesium levels are associated with favorable prognoses in diabetic hemodialysis patients, retrospective observational study

Abstract

Background: Recent studies have found hypomagnesemia is linked to a heightened risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients; however, the level of serum magnesium (s-Mg) necessary for promoting overall health in these patients and the effects of s-Mg in diabetes HD patients remains to be clarified. Methods: HD outpatients (n = 148 under, age ≤ 70 y) were followed over a 6-y period. They were divided into four groups according to their average s-Mg during the first year (L; low level, H; high level) and if they had DM or not (non-DM). The endpoint was mortality and hospitalization for decline of Activities of Daily Living (death/hospitalization). A receiver operating characteristics curve was used in diagnostic tests to identify s-Mg associated with this endpoint. Kaplan-Meier, log-rank test, and a Cox proportional hazards model were used to evaluate prognoses. Fisher's exact test and multiple regressions examined the causes of the endpoints between the four groups and the factors predictive of s-Mg. Results: s-Mg at 2.7 mg/dL was associated with death/hospitalization. The 5-y survival rate was 38.1%, 86.7%, 73.2% and 87.5%, in the DM/Mg(L), DM/Mg(H), non-DM/Mg(L) and non-DM/Mg(H) groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The Cox proportional hazards model showed significantly lower risk in other groups compared with that in the DM/Mg(L) group [DM/Mg (H); hazard ratio (HR): 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.05-0.97, P = 0.046, non-DM/ Mg(L); HR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15-0.68, P = 0.003, non-DM/Mg(H); HR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.06-0.44, P < 0.001]. The frequency of the different causes of the endpoints for each group was not significant; s-Mg only associated with age in the DM group. Conclusions: s-Mg greater than 2.7 mg/dL associated with a favorable prognosis in HD patients with DM, suggesting that s-Mg is a factor independent of diabetes.