Potential flow models of suspension current air pressure

Abstract

We present, analyse and discuss air-pressure data from finite-volume chute flows of dry fine snow in air. These experiments have the correct similarity criteria to model powder-snow avalanches and demonstrate the transition from a dense to a suspended flow. We measured the dynamic air pressure at the base of the flow, which features a marked negative pressure peak immediately behind the front. This feature is also seen in observations of natural powder-snow avalanches measured in Russia, Japan and Switzerland in direct numerical simulations of non-Boussinesq suspension flows and in ping-pong ball avalanches. This is evidence for large internal motions and suggests that there is a coherent vortex in the avalanche front. This can result in impact pressures many times larger than those expected from the mean flow velocity. We analyse the external air pressures using three models and show how the geometry and velocity of the flow can be found from this single air-pressure measurement. We also measured flow heights and speeds using image analysis and show that the speed is roughly independent of the slope angle and scales with the release size raised to the power 1/4, as predicted by similarity analysis for pseudo two-dimensional (2-D) flows.