Estimation of triggered-lightning dart-stepped-leader currents from close multiple-station dE/dt pulse measurements

Abstract

The modified transmission line model is used to derive the vertically propagating leader-step currents necessary to radiate measured dart-stepped-leader dE/dt pulses from triggered lightning at close range (<400 m) and low altitude (<70 m). The model-predicted dE/dt pulses were compared with measured dE/dt pulses at nine locations ranging from 27 to 391m from the channel base for four dE/dt pulses radiated from two triggered dart-stepped leaders. The dE/dt pulses at the closest station, 27 m, were unipolar, dominated by electrostatic and induction components of the radiated dE/dt, and of opposite polarity to the more distant initial dE/dt peaks. The other, more distant, eight stations exhibited bipolar dE/dt pulses, being more or less dominated by the dE/dt radiation component. The derived leader-step current has a slow front that precedes a fast transition to peak amplitude followed by a slow decay to zero after several microseconds. For the fourmodeled dE/dt pulses, the estimated causative leader-step current peak amplitudes varied from 0.9 to 1.8 kA, the half-peak widths ranged from370 to 560 ns, the charge transfers were about 1 mC, and the peak current derivatives were about 10 kA/µs. The upward propagation speeds of the leader-step current were from 1.1 to 1.5 × 108 m/s with exponential spatial current decay constants from 13 to 27m. One dE/dt pulse is analyzed in more detail by studying changes in model-predicted waveforms versus current initiation altitude and by examining the effect of varying model input parameters.