A Measurement System and Ideal Breast Shape

Abstract

Evaluation of changes in breast shape, including upper pole fullness, breast projection, and bottoming out, has been limited by a lack of an accepted definition of these entities and no standardized system for measurements. One-dimensional methods (e.g., tape measurements) are too simple and three-dimensional imaging is too complicated for general use. The nipple is not a suitable marker for measuring glandular ptosis because its position may not align with the level of the breast gland.